Dairy Products
Dairy products should not be assumed to be kosher merely because they are dairy. Numerous dairy products may be non-kosher unless properly supervised.
Cheese: All varieties of cheese require Kosher certification, including hard cheeses (American, Swiss, Cheddar, Muenster, etc.). Cheeses are often processed with rennet, which is derived from the stomach lining of animals, usually, calves. Kosher cheese requires that the rennet used be from kosher animals properly slaughtered. Some cottage cheeses and yogurts are also made with rennet and therefore need proper supervision.
Whey: Cheese by-products may be used only when the rennet used in the cheese manufacture is kosher. Whey is derived from the watery part of milk which is separated from the curd in cheese-making. It is used widely in ice cream and baked goods and therefore they require supervision.
Ice Cream: Contrary to popular opinion, ice cream must be supervised for kashrut. It contains a variety of emulsifiers, stabilizers, and flavorings which require supervision. Even when the ice cream itself is certified as kosher, one must be sure that the toppings - both flavorings and whipped cream, as well as the cones and cookies served with it, are kosher.
"Non-Dairy" Products
Very often products such as margarine, coffee creamer, or imitation sour cream are labeled as "non-dairy". This may indicate only that the product is not a NATURAL dairy food product. It may, however, contain dairy ingredients (such as whey, sodium caseinate, etc.) and therefore is to be considered dairy. One should examine the kosher symbol and look for a "D" (for dairy) next to it or the word Pareve.
Sherbert: Government regulations require that any products labeled as "sherbert" contain milk. Even water ices should not be assumed to be pareve, nor should they be assumed to be kosher unless so certified, because of the flavorings and stabilizers involved.
Fruits, Vegetables, and Canned Goods
All fresh fruits and vegetables are kosher. Processed fruits and vegetables, when in sauce, need proper supervision. Frozen vegetables without sauce are kosher. Canned fruits, because they are processed seasonally in canneries dealing only with fruits, are kosher. However, tomato juice, ketchup, canned soups, sauces, or beans (other than stringsbeans) must be kosher endorsed. They are usually processed in plants producing similar varieties of products that contain meat, cheese, and other non-kosher food.
Pure frozen or fresh juice (other than grape juice) is permissible. Blended juice drinks and fruit punch , however, need kosher certification, as they may contain grape juice, flavorings and stabilizers of non-kosher origin.
Baby Foods
All baby foods - vegetables, fruits, cereals, and puddings - must be certified kosher, since baby foods are produced in plants which also produce baby food meats, using the same equipmint. Most baby cereals contain mono- and di-glycerides, which are kosher only if manufactured under supervision.
If your baby has a dietary need involving a product not under supervision, a competent orthodox Rabbi should be consulted.
Wines, Liqueurs, and Grape Products
Wines and wine products, such as champagne, vermouth, brandy, and cognac must be prepared under strict Rabbinical supervision. Grape juice and wine vinegar are considered as wine and must also be certified as kosher.
Many alcoholic beverages have a grape base and require supervision. These include fruit liqueurs, cordials, Sangrias, and coolers. All products whose ingredients include grapes or grape flavor require Rabbinical supervision.
Vitamins
Vitamins, or the capsules in which they are contained, often contain stearates, gelatin, animal by-products, or coatings of non-kosher origin. Kosher-certified vitamins are widely available. In cases where a medical need is involved, a proper rabbinical authority should be consulted.
Bakeries, Baked Goods, and Breads
The manufacture of bread, pastries, and other baked products by a bakery requires proper Rabbinical supervision to resolve many questions. Is the shortening kosher? Are the pans greased with a kosher grease? Are the fillings, cremes, or chocolates being used certified as kosher? Because of these and other questions, one should buy baked products from a supervised bakery or supervised packaged goods. A wide variety of kosher pastries and breads is today available at supermarkets.
The Taking of Challah
The Torah requires that a portion of the dough used for baking be set aside and given to the Kohanim (priests). Since the destruction of the Temple, this mitzvah is fulfilled by removing a small piece from the dough and burning it. The word "challah", in fact, means dough and refers to the piece which has been separated.
Only breads made from wheat, barley, rye, oats, or spelt need challah separation. If one prepares baked goods using more than 4 lbs. 15 & 1/3 ozs. of flour, the following blessing is to be recited:
BARUCH ATA ADONAI ELOHAYNU MELECH HA'OLAM ASHER KIDSHANU B'MITZVOSAV V'TZIVANU L'HAFRISH CHALLAH.
Blesses art thou, L-rd our G-d, King of the universe, who hast sanctified us with thy commandments, and commanded us to separate challah.
Using less than the above amount, one separates challah without a blessing.
If one has neglected to separate the portion of dough before baking, a piece may be broken off afterwards and discarded.
Kosher bakeries separate challah as a routine practice.
Separation of Meat and Milk
The Torah strictly forbids the mixing of meat and dairy products, as manifested in three categories:
Eating: not to eat any meat and dairy foods, or their derivatives together.
Cooking: not to cook, bake, roast, or fry meat and dairy products together, even for a purpose other than eating.
Having benefit: not to benefit from meat and dairy cooked together, such as selling them, doing business with them or gifting them.
In order to safeguard these essential laws, our Rabbis have enacted regulations to completely separate all forms of milk and meat.
The Interval Between Meat and Dairy
Although there are different customs regarding the interval between eating meat and dairy foods, unless one has another established tradition, one should wait six hours after the eating of meat or meat products. If one tastes food, but does not chew or swallow it, no waiting period is necessary. Pareve food which is cooked in meat utensils but contains no meat product, should not be mixed or eaten with dairy food. One may eat dairy food directly after eating pareve food. Similarly, pareve food which is cooked in dairy utensils but contains no dairy product, should not be mixed or eaten with meat.
Meat may be eaten after dairy meals following a brief interval, although som authorities require the rinsing of one's mouth, the eating of bread, the recitation of a blessing, or a half-hour wait. Ones's rabbi should be consulted as to the prevailing practice.
Pareve Food
Pareve foods are those which contain neither meat nor dairy ingredients. Foods such as eggs, fish, juice, soft drinks, cereal (some cereals may have dairy ingredients), bread, fruit, vegetables, and grains, may be served with either meat or dairy (with the exception of fish, which may not be served with meat). Pareve foods may be prepared in meat or dairy pots, but should be served on the type of dish in which it was prepared (i.e., meat on meat, dairy on dairy). However, one need not wait six hours after eating pareve food prepared in a meat pot.
It is not necessary to have a complete set of pareve dishes. One should, however, clearly label pareve utensils as such, and be careful not to use them for meat or dairy foods. Pareve foods cut with a meat or dairy knife do not necessarily become meat or dairy; however, pareve foods cut with a sharp taste such as onion, garlic, or pickles are considered meat or dairy when cut with such a knife. As such, they should not be used with foods of the opposite type.
Glassware
There are three categories that apply to Ashkenazic (European ancestry) Jews only and not to Sefardic (Middle Eastern & Spanish ancestry) Jews. They are:
Drinking glasses should preferably be used only for either meat or dairy
Glass dishes must be separate for meat or dairy if ever used with hot foods
Glassware used for cooking or baking must be used only for meat or dairy.
Airlines, Ships, Trains, and Hotels - "Kosher" Vacationing
Keeping kosher while on a vacation is easier than one may assume. Airlines, ships, trains, and many hotel chains provide frozen kosher meals if requested in advance. As long as the outside wrapper of the meal is sealed and intact, it may be heated in the local oven. It is advisable when planning a trip, to consult your rabbi who can provide you with information on kosher facilities the world over or you may consult The Jewish Traveler's Guide, available at most Jewish bookstores. One should be careful of "local" supervision of food products by individuals or organizations not generally known. These local agencies are only as reliable as their Mashgichim (supervisors) and the excellence of their Kashrut standards. Most local kashrut agencies are known to the rabbis of the community who should be consulted of any question arises.
Weddings, Bar Mitzvahs, and Kosher Functions
The meal accompanying a religious ceremony such as a Bar-Mitzvah or Bas-Mitzvah, Bris, wedding, etc., is a Seudas Mitzvah, i.e., the meal itself becomes a religious occasion. As such, it is most appropriate that the meal conform to the highest standards of Kashrut observance. The availability of kosher caterers, kosher carryouts, and kosher eating establishments has greatly facilitated this need. The caterer and the entire function should be under proper Rabbinic supervision.
Hospitals
Most hospitals offer frozen kosher meals as a service to their kosher-keeping patients. These meals may be heated in hospital ovens provided the outside wrapper is sealed and intact. In addition, to these meals, many hospitals will allow meals to be brought from home and kept in hospital refrigerators.
Patients on a special diet should advise their doctor or dietician that they "keep kosher". Although most special diets are compatible with kashrut, in the event of a conflict a competent orthodox Rabbi should be consulted.
Restaurants, Ice Cream Parlors, and "Eating Out"
Proper Rabbinic supervision is indispensible to keeping kosher. This applies not only to food products, but also to establishments serving food. Restaurants and stores which label themselves "kosher" are acceptable only if they are under proper supervision. Pre-packaged certified Kosher foods sold in an establishment that is not supervised may be purchased only in their original packaged form. Even restaurants which do not serve meat require proper supervision.
Ice cream parlors may carry a kosher brand of ice cream, but one should be sure that the accompanying items such as cones, toppings, cake, and whipped cream are also kosher.
In general, eating out carries with it a host of real and potential kashrut problems. It is therefore necessary to eat out only in restaurants under orthodox Rabbinic supervision.
Ritual Immersiom of Utensils
Utensils made of glass or metal that are used for preparing and eating food should be immersed in a mikvah (ritualarium). This act denotes the new status of the utensils, which will now be used in making the act of eating a spiritual experience. Earthenware, wood, rubber, or plastic items do not require this immersion, although there are some opinions that say that these items should be immersed without a blessing. Most mikvaot have special facilities for the immersion of utensils. The blessing upon immersion is:
BARUCH ATA ADONAI ELOHAYNU MELECH HAOLAM ASHER KIDSHANU B'MITZVOSAV V'TZIVANU AL T'VILAS KAYLIM.
Blessed art thou, L-rd our G-d, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with thy commandments, and commanded us concerning the immersion of utensils.
Kashering
In every kosher kitchen mistakes are invariably made. Kashering is the process by which utensils made non-kosher may be restored to a kosher status. Most metal utensils CAN be kashered, and one should not assume that they have become non-kosher unless an orthodox Rabbi so declares them.
A Rabbi should always be consulted whenever there is a mix-up in the kitchen involving kashrut. The need to consult a competent Rabbinic authority whenever a problem or potential problem arised cannot be emphasized strongly enough.
Passover
Passover, the Festival of Freedom, carries with it a unique set of dietary requirements. In commemoration of the Jews' deliverance from Egypt, only non-leavened products are eaten, and the house is completely cleansed of leaven (chametz). This necessitates a thorough removal of all leavened foods, as well as the use of kosher-for-Passover dishes, silverware, pots, pans, and the like.
Kashrus Information
In conclusion, one should bear in mind that the laws of Kashrut are the subject of much study and scholarship, and as the number of food products on the market increases, so does the need to "keep up" on the latest Kashrut information. Various Kashrut magazines and bulletins are issued, as well as local circulars describing local products.
The single greatest source of Kashrut information can be derived from your Rabbi, who is both trained and eager to promote the important Mitzvah of keeping kosher. May your pursuance of this Divine decree be met with sucess and satisfaction.
J.A.Co.B.B.S.
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