Steinhauer
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De nevo - "afresh", "from the beginning", "new", meaning neither parents carry the locus for dwarfism. It's a sporadic case where it mutates in a germ cell and is passed on to the offspring. Most form of achondroplastic dwarfism is also a dominant trait, meaning if a person is a dwarf and gets married, it's passed onto the children. We know this, yet we don't see a new ethnic group of dwarfs developing. Either it's not a desirable trait by normal women, or there is no selection pressure to keep these new mutations unique.
As for HIV, it's already being observed. Sex workers in Africa are already developing resistance to the virus. It was first noted around 1995, 1996. (ScienceDirect - The Lancet : Resistance to HIV-1 infection among persistently seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya) and it's a recent subject of interest:
Resistance to HIV-1 infection among African sex workers is associated with global hyporesponsiveness in interleukin 4 production
Cutting Edge: Resistance to HIV-1 Infection among African Female Sex Workers Is Associated with Inhibitory KIR in the Absence of Their HLA Ligands
Mind you we don't fully understand why some are resistant to HIV. It must be emphasized, it's not a cure because 5 of the workers studied since 1995 lost immunity to the virus.
But virtually every single European descendant is the byproduct of several ancestors who were resistant to the Black Plague. The same thing will happen with HIV.
Hopefully.
I know that the pollution in the Great Lakes made some fish go blind, and their offspring started to be born with double lenses over their eyes. These are all examples of adaptation.
When it comes to mutation, disease, etc. it still does not explain macro evolution.
