Hate-Motivated Violence
Note: This post didn't talk much about Sweden but it explained the violence and hatred behaviors & cases by Right-wings in Sweden, Canada, England, France, etc. Read on... Only reason why I posted this because of problems in Sweden by Right-wings that kept interefering the progress in the beautiful country.
Hate-Motivated Violence
2.1 Methodology
In researching the issue of hate-motivated criminal conduct, this study examined existing criminal law practice in Canada and certain foreign jurisdictions, relevant case law, legal periodicals relating to the topic, government publications (e.g., in England, documents published by the Home Office), proposals for reform in this area by national reform-minded agencies (e.g., the Law Reform Commission of Australia), publications by interested private organizations (e.g., the League for Human Rights of B'nai Brith Canada and the American Anti-Defamation League), and recent, selective newspaper articles about specific incidents of hate- motivated criminal conduct.
This examination was not confined to Canada for two reasons. First, the problem of hate-motivated criminal conduct is not confined to Canada. As recent events in other parts of the world have shown_from attacks on immigrants in Germany to ethnic cleansing in Bosnia_this is a problem that plagues the world. Confining the study only to Canada in light of these recent international events would lend an air of unreality to discussion of the problem. Secondly, the purpose of this paper is to consider carefully to what extent Canada's criminal law needs to be reformed to address the problem. In considering reform, it is necessary to examine how other jurisdictions have acted, or are considering acting, to combat the problem; they may serve as useful guides for reform of Canadian criminal law in this area.
An important question, however, is: What jurisdictions should be selected in examining possible avenues for reform? Those chosen were the United States, England, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany and Sweden. The United States was chosen, not simply because of its geographic proximity to Canada, but because it is often a fertile source of reform in criminal law. The United States has most aggressively pursued a policy of combatting hate-motivated violence through the use of specific hate crimes legislation. England, Australia and New Zealand are Commonwealth countries with legal traditions similar to that of Canada, and whose legal responses to criminal law issues are often studied to assist in developing proposals for reform of Canadian criminal law. Germany, France and Sweden were selected as being reasonably representative of the approach of Western Europe in combatting hate-motivated violence.
2.2 Literature Review
Although little legal literature exists on the issue of hate- motivated crime in Canada, much has been written on this subject in recent years in other jurisdictions, such as the United States, England, and Australia. In the context of creating specific criminal legislation to combat bias- motivated violence, the most exhaustive and even the most critical literature is found in the United States.
This chapter focusses on certain aspects of the material studied: what is known about the incidence of hate-motivated conduct both in Canada and in some of the other jurisdictions studied, what is known about those who engage in this conduct, and what problems arise for those who favour increased use of the criminal law in this area, given this information. Other chapters will explore in greater detail other issues raised in examining this problem.
2.2.1 Data on Hate-motivated Violence
2.2.1.1 A Brief History of Hate-motivated Violence in Canada
Canada has a long history of hate-motivated violence towards racial or ethnic minorities. For example, in 1907 in Vancouver, a mob of whites attacked the Chinese and Japanese communities, causing at least extensive damage to stores and, it was claimed by one report, "several fatalities".<16> During World War II, members of the Japanese Canadian community were interned and their property confiscated.<17> In the 1970s, a series of subway attacks against members of the South Asian community in
Toronto helped to result in creation of a task force to study that problem.<18> In a 1980 study on interracial conflict in Canada,<19> Dhiru Patel pointed out that:
Historically, ... established leaders in Canadian society (both individual and institutional) have made key contributions to interracial violence, for example, to the anti-Chinese riot of 1887 and the anti- Chinese/Japanese riot of 1907 in Vancouver. In both cases, the local newspapers, respectable individuals (businessmen, clergymen, politicians) and organizations played a very prominent role in at least preparing the groundwork and instigating the violence, which claimed "scores" of Chinese lives. The timing of the riots seems to have been related to white workers' alleged fears of economic competition, especially at a time of recession ....<20>
Patel agreed with studies which suggested that:
[R]acial violence in Canada cannot be explained sufficiently in terms of the "deviant-individual" or the impersonal "social-forces" perspectives alone. The earlier violence initiated by the dominant community against the Japanese and Chinese and the more recent violence against nonwhites in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver are two cases in point: prominent, respectable individuals and social institutions and organizations played an important, if not a critical, role in the former case, and the strength and pervasive nature of at least latent racism is indicated in the latter.<21>
2.2.1.2 Recent Canadian Data
One of the major difficulties in determining the extent of hate-motivated violence in Canada is that information on such incidents is not systematically collected and reported on a national scale. Thus, available data about such violence provide, arguably, a limited view of the scope of the problem. As noted earlier, the 1992 Audit of Anti- Semitic Incidents stated that 196 anti-Semitic incidents across Canada were reported to the League for Human Rights of B'nai Brith Canada that year. Although there was a 22 percent decrease over the preceding year, this decrease was expected, given the rash of anti-Semitic incidents that occurred during the Gulf War. These figures still constituted an 11 percent increase over 1989.22 Of the incidents reported in 1992, 56 involved acts of vandalism and 150 involved acts of harassment.<23> Of the acts of harassment (defined as any incident of abuse or threat directed against an individual, group or institution, including incidents of hate propaganda), three involved acts of violence and eight involved threats of violence, the remainder being incidents of slurs and hate propaganda.<24> The 1992 Audit also reported that a significantly large number of all types of incidents were directed at individuals, and that there was a disturbing rise in incidents directed at non-Jewish institutions, the latter indicating the increased efforts of hate groups to target high schools and universities and the average person on the street.<25>
In the context of compiling incidents of hate-motivated conduct, it is useful to examine a 1991 research report prepared for the Economic Council of Canada, Economic and Social Impacts of Immigration.<26> The report analyzed the data of anti-Semitic incidents compiled by the B'nai Brith League for Human Rights from 1982 to 1989, a total of 615 incidents. The results of this analysis showed a strong positive correlation between the raw frequency of anti- Semitic incidents and the proportion of Jewish residents in the region. While the uncorrected number of antiSemitic incidents showed no significant change over time, there was evidence of an increase over time in the number of incidents reported, once the effects of other variables (e.g., proportion of Jewish residents, unemployment rates) were taken into account.<27>
In addition, the B'nai Brith League for Human Rights, in its report, Skinheads in Canada and Their Link to the Far Right,<28> outlined several incidents of neo-Nazi skinheads engaging in anti-Semitic activity (including assaults, threats, and desecration of synagogues) and concluded:
The Skinhead movement has become a serious threat to the Jewish community and the multicultural fabric of Canadian society. Their activities have become more organized, open, violent and pervasive. Communities from coast-to-coast are threatened.<29>
Of course, evidence of anti-Semitic activity is but one aspect of hate-motivated activity in Canada. What about incidents of hate-motivated violence directed against members of visible minorities because of their race or colour of their skin?
To begin with, there are indications of systemic discrimination against members of visible minorities. In his recent report to the Ontario government following the riots in Toronto in the spring of 1992, Stephen Lewis asserted that, while every visible minority experienced the wounds of systemic discrimination throughout Southern Ontario, the root kind of racism to be dealt with was anti-black racism.<30>
More.....
http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/canadian/canada/justice/hate-motivated-violence/hmv-002-00.html
Argh, new 10 links more recent by posters about Right-wings and their problems in Sweden! Only 5 mins! F**k it.